Chordata · chordates

African penguin

Spheniscus demersus

Spheniscidae · penguinsIUCN: Critically Endangered
African penguin
Photo: Matti Blume · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Wikimedia Commons · resized

The only penguin that breeds in Africa.

Fun factIn 2024 it became the first penguin listed as Critically Endangered.

Waters
South Atlantic, Indian Ocean
Depth zone
Coastal shallows & estuaries
Diet
Sardines & anchovies
Size
About 60 cm tall

Classification

Chordata › Reptilia › Sphenisciformes › Spheniscidae

  1. Kingdom Animalia animals
    • Many-celled organisms that eat other living things for energy (heterotrophs)
    • Cells have no cell walls
    • Most can move at some stage of life
  2. Clade Bilateria bilateral animals
    • Body has a left and right side that mirror each other (bilateral symmetry)
    • Head end with concentrated nerves; three tissue layers
    • Includes about 99% of all living animal species
  3. Clade Deuterostomia deuterostomes
    • In the embryo, the first opening becomes the anus and the mouth forms second
    • Includes echinoderms and chordates
  4. Phylum Chordata chordates
    • At some stage of life: a stiffening rod along the back (notochord)
    • A hollow nerve cord along the back (dorsal)
    • Slits in the throat (pharyngeal slits) and a tail past the anus
  5. Subphylum Vertebrata vertebrates
    • A skull (cranium) protecting a brain
    • Backbone or similar support around the nerve cord
    • Includes fishes, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals
  6. Infraphylum Gnathostomata jawed vertebrates
    • Jawed vertebrates: jaws formed from gill arches
    • Paired fins or limbs
    • Includes all fishes except hagfish and lampreys, plus all tetrapods
  7. Superclass Osteichthyes bony vertebrates
    • Bony vertebrates: skeleton made largely of bone
    • Most have a lung or swim bladder
    • Includes ray-finned and lobe-finned fishes and all tetrapods
  8. Clade Sarcopterygii lobe-finned vertebrates
    • Lobe-finned: fleshy fins with bones like those of limbs
    • Includes coelacanths, lungfishes, and all tetrapods
  9. Clade Tetrapoda four-limbed vertebrates
    • Four limbs with fingers and toes (or descended from animals that had them)
    • Breathe air with lungs
  10. Class Reptilia reptiles (birds included)
    • Scaly skin made of keratin
    • Lay shelled eggs on land or carry eggs inside the body (amniotic egg)
    • In modern classification this group includes birds
  11. Clade Archosauria crocodilians & birds
    • Includes crocodilians, birds, and extinct dinosaurs and pterosaurs
    • Birds and crocodilians share a four-chambered heart and a muscular gizzard
  12. Class Aves birds
    • Birds: feathers
    • Toothless beak
    • Lay hard-shelled eggs; warm-blooded
  13. Clade Aequornithes core waterbirds
    • Core waterbirds: penguins, tubenoses, gannets, pelicans, herons, and loons
  14. Order Sphenisciformes penguins
    • Penguins: flightless, with wings shaped into stiff flippers
    • Upright posture and dense, waterproof feathers
  15. Family Spheniscidae penguins
    • All living penguins; almost all live in the Southern Hemisphere
  16. Genus Spheniscus
    • Species in the same genus are very close relatives and often look alike.
  17. Species Spheniscus demersus African penguin

Closest relatives in the guide